I was looking into a performance problem where a web server was doing 1 million MQCONNects  day!  During my investigations I found that the original designers did not design it properly because of the performance overhead, and so the JMS architects had to fix it up by creating connection factories.

Below, I cover

• the performance problem
• writing my own connection factory
• the problems of writing my own connection factory
• it might just be easier to use a connection factory provided by your web server or JMS provider.

What is an EJB and an MDB?

In a web server you can have Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs) which are a package of java applications doing enterprise type work ( get a message, update a database, send a reply) conforming to an specific Programming Interface.

A Message Driven Bean is an EJB which responds to messages.  A message listener applications gets messages from a queue – and passes the message to the MDB. In non EJB terms this is just like a trigger monitor, starting a transaction and passing the data.

When you create the MDB you have a configuration file  which allows a message listener to be created, and the parameters to use to connect to MQ, and  how many threads etc can be running concurrently.

The MDB, to process the message has a basic structure of

• method onMessage – this is given the message
• ejbCreate – when the EJB is created, you can do initialisation here
• ejbRemove – when the EJB is about to be deleted, you can do clean up here

and looks like

public class MDB
implements MessageListener, MessageDrivenBean
{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = -8070254332864574796L;
  public void onMessage(Message message)
  {
    Connection connection = null;
    Session session = null;
    MessageProducer producer = null;

    try
    {
      InitialContext ctx = new InitialContext();
      ConnectionFactory cf = (ConnectionFactory)ctx.lookup("CF2");
      Destination dest = message.getJMSReplyTo();
     
      connection = cf.createConnection();
      session = connection.createSession(false, 1);
      producer = session.createProducer(dest);
      
      TextMessage response = session.createTextMessage("test response message from the WMQ_IVT_MDB");
      response.setJMSCorrelationID(message.getJMSMessageID());
      producer.send(response);
      return;
    }
    catch (Exception je)
    {
      System.out.println("Something went wrong." + je);
    }
  }

  public void ejbCreate() { }
  public void ejbRemove() { }
 }

Within the onMessage method is logic connection = cf.createConnection();
Under the covers this createConnection() does an MQCONN.  With 1 million messages a day – this is 1 million MQCONNs!
There was also an MQOPEN, an MQCLOSE,  and an MQDISC before the onMessage() method returned.  This results in a huge performance overhead.

Attempts to fix the performance

People quickly found that this model was not efficient, and they came up with ways to improve the performance.

The idea of a connection pool was developed.  Instead of doing an the createConnection() doing an MQCONN etc.  this code was changed, to not do the MQDISC, but to keep the Queue Manager handle. When the next MQCONN occurred, if there was one of these spare Queue Manager handles it would use it.

These connection pools are sophisticated.   For example they can free up connections if they had not been used for a time period, so reducing the overall number of Queue Manager connections in use, they can slowly increase the number of connections in the pool so there is not a sudden spike in requests.

I found it difficult to set up a connection pooling in Oracle’s webLogic webserver,  so I thought I would write my own.   This was pretty easy, but then I discovered some complications.

Writing my own “connection pooling”.

It was clear to me that having connection = cf.createConnection();     from the ejbCreate() method rather than in the onMessage() method would be much more efficient.

• Move variables from being method variables to instance variables so they persisted across onMessage() calls.
• Create a connect() method which actually does the createConnection().  This can be called in the ejbCreate setup routine, and from the onMessage() if the connection variable is null.
• Have code in the ejbRemove to the connection, session etc.

public class IVTMDB
implements MessageListener, MessageDrivenBean
{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = -337338331639L;
  // create long lasting instance variables 
  Connection connection = null;
  Session session = null;
  MessageProducer producer = null;
  InitialContext ctx = null;
  ConnectionFactory cf = null;
  // new method to do the connect
  public void connect(){
  try {
     ctx = new InitialContext();
     cf = (ConnectionFactory)ctx.lookup("CF2");
     connection = cf.createConnection();
     session = connection.createSession(false, 1); 
    }
    catch (Exception je)
    {...
    } 
 }

 public void ejbCreate() {
   connect();
 }
...
}

This worked well.    The number of MQCONN dropped to about 10 per day for many puts.

The problem looked solved, until I tried to shut down the queue manager.

If no work was being processed, then the MDBs were not being called, and so there were no MQ requests being made, and so the connections stayed active, and the queue manager did not shut down.

To solve this you can set  cf.setExceptionListener(..) which will get notified if there are problems with the connection, and so you can close the connection etc.
You need to consider what to do if the connection cannot be made;  do you wait for a short time period, or do you return an error.

I found that this “simple” way of avoiding all of the MQCONNects was quickly getting much more complex.  It was going to be much easier in the long term to get the provided connection factories working.   This was another challenge, taking about a week.  See the next few blog entries on how I did this for webLogic.