Z/OS has enclaves to manage work.
- When an enclave is used, a transaction can issue a DB2 request, then DB2 uses some TCBs in the DB2 address spaces on behalf of the original request. The CPU used used by these DB2 TCBs can be charged back to the original application.
- When an enclave is not used, the CPU used by the original TCB is charged to its address space, and the DB2 TCBs are charged to the DB2 address space. You do not get a complete picture of the CPU used by the application.
- A transaction can be defined to Work Load Managed(WLM) to set the priority of the transaction, so online transactions have high priority, and background work gets low priority. With an enclave, the DB2 TCBs have the same priority as the original request. With no enclave the TCBs have the priority as determined by DB2.
When an application sets up an enclave
- Threads can join the enclave, so any CPU the thread uses while in the enclave, is recorded against the enclave.
- These threads can be in the same address space, a different address space on the same LPAR, or even in a different LPAR in the SYSPLEX.
- Enclaves are closely integrated with Work Load Manager(WLM). When you create an enclave you can give information about the business transaction, (such as transaction name and userid). You classify the application against different factors.
- The classification maps to a service class. This service class determines the appropriate priority profile. Any threads using the enclave will get this priority.
- WLM reports on the elapsed time of the business transaction, and the CPU used.
What enclave types are there?
In this simple explanation there are two enclave types
- Independent enclave – what I think of as Business Transaction, where work can span multiple address spaces. You pass transaction information (transaction, userid, etc) to WLM so it can set the priority for the enclave. You can get reports on the enclave showing elapsed time, and CPU used. There can be many independent enclaves in the lifetime of a job. You can have these enclaves running in parallel within a job.
- Dependent enclave or Address space enclave. I cannot see the reason for this. This is for tasks running within an address space which are not doing work for an independent enclave. It could be used for work related to transactions in general. In the SMF 30 job information records you get information on CPU used in the dependent enclave.
- Work not in an enclave. Threads by default run with the priority assigned to the address space. CPU is charged to the address space.
To help me understand enclave reports, I set up two jobs
- The parent job,
- Creates an independent (transactional) enclave with “subsystem=JES, definition=SM3” and “TRANSACTION NAME=TCI2”. It displays the enclave token.
- Sets up a dependent enclave.
- Joins the dependent enclave.
- Does some CPU intensive work.
- Sleeps for 30 seconds.
- Leaves the dependent enclave.
- Deletes the dependent enclave.
- Deletes the independent enclave.
- Ends.
- The child, or subtask, job.
- This reads the enclave token as a parameter.
- Joins the enclave,if the enclave does not exist, use the dependent enclave.
- Does some CPU intensive work.
- Leaves the enclave.
- Ends.
Where is information reported?
- Information about a job and the resources used by the job is in SMF 30 records. It reports total CPU used, CPU used by independent enclaves, CPU used by the dependant enclave. In JCL output where it reports the CPU etc used by the job step, this comes from the SMF 30 record.
- Information about the independent enclave is summarised in an SMF 72 record over a period(typically 15 minutes) and tells you information about the response time distribution, and the CPU used.
I used three scenarios
- Run the parent job – but not not the child. This shows the costs of the just parent – when there is no child running the workload for it.
- Run the child but not the parent. This shows the cost of the expensive workload.
- Both parent and child active. This shows the costs of running the independent enclave in the child are charged to the parent.
SMF job resource used report
From the SMF 30 record we get the CPU for the Independent enclave.
| Parent CPU | Child CPU | |
| Parent, no child | Total : 0.070 | Not applicable |
| Child,no parent | Not applicable | Total CPU : 2.930 |
| Parent and child | Total : 2.860 | Total : 0.020 |
From the parent and child we can see that the CPU used by the enclave work in the child job has been recorded against the parent’s job under “Independent enclave CPU”.
The SMF type 30 record shows the Parent job had CPU under Independent enclave, Dependent enclave, and a small amount (0.03) which was not enclave.
SMF WLM reports
From the SMF 72 data displayed by RMF (see below for an example) you get the number of transactions and CPU usage for the report class, and service class. I had a report class for each of the parent, and the child job, and for the Independent enclave transaction.
| Total CPU | Elapsed time | Ended | |
| Parent | 2.818 | 34.97 | 1 |
| Child | 2.636 | 6.76 | 1 |
| Business transaction | 2.819 | 30.04 | 1 |
It is clear there is some double accounting. The CPU used for the child doing enclave processing, is also recorded in the Parent’s cost. The CPU used for the Business transaction is another view of the data from the parent and child address spaces.
For charging based on address spaces you should use the SMF 30 records.
You can use the SMF 72 records for reporting on the transaction costs.
RMF workload reports
When processing the SMF data using RMF you get out workload reports
//POST EXEC PGM=ERBRMFPP //MFPINPUT DD DISP=SHR,DSN=smfinput.dataset //SYSIN DD * SYSRPTS(WLMGL(SCPER,RCLASS,RCPER,SCLASS)) /*
For the child address space report class RMF reported
-TRANSACTIONS-- TRANS-TIME HHH.MM.SS.FFFFFF AVG 0.05 ACTUAL 6.760380 MPL 0.05 EXECUTION 6.254239 ENDED 1 QUEUED 506141 ... ----SERVICE---- SERVICE TIME ---APPL %--- IOC 2152 CPU 2.348 CP 2.20 CPU 2012 SRB 0.085 IIPCP 0.00 MSO 502 RCT 0.004 IIP 0.00 SRB 73 IIT 0.197 AAPCP 0.00 TOT 4739 HST 0.002 AAP N/A
There was 1 occurrence of the child job, it ran for 6.76 seconds on average, and used a total of 2.636 seconds of CPU (if you add up the service time).
For a more typical job using many short duration independent enclaves the report looked like
-TRANSACTIONS-- TRANS-TIME HHH.MM.SS.FFFFFF
AVG 0.11 ACTUAL 13395
MPL 0.11 EXECUTION 13395
ENDED 1000 QUEUED 0
END/S 8.33 R/S AFFIN 0
SWAPS 0 INELIGIBLE 0
EXCTD 0 CONVERSION 0
STD DEV 1325
----SERVICE---- SERVICE TIME
IOC 0 CPU 1.448
CPU 1241 SRB 0.000
MSO 0 RCT 0.000
SRB 0 IIT 0.000
TOT 1241 HST 0.000
This shows 1000 transaction ended in the period and the average transaction response time was 13.395 milliseconds. The total CPU time used was 1.448 seconds, or an average of 1.448 milliseconds of CPU per transaction.
For the service class with a response time definition, you get a response time profile. The data below shows the most most response times were between 15 and 20 ms. The service class was defined with “Average response time of 00:00:00.010”. This drives the range of response times reported. If this data was for a production system you may want to adjust the “Average response time” to 00:00:00.015 to get the peak in the middle of the range.
-----TIME--- -% TRANSACTIONS- 0 10 20 30 40 50
HH.MM.SS.FFF CUM TOTAL BUCKET|...|....|....|....|....|
<= 00.00.00.005 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.006 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.007 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.008 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.009 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.010 0.0 0.0 >
<= 00.00.00.011 0.3 0.3 >
<= 00.00.00.012 10.6 10.3 >>>>>>
<= 00.00.00.013 24.9 14.3 >>>>>>>>
<= 00.00.00.014 52.3 27.4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<= 00.00.00.015 96.7 44.4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<= 00.00.00.020 100.0 3.2 >>
<= 00.00.00.040 100.0 0.1 >
00.00.00.040 100.0 0.0 >
Take care.
The field ENDED is the number of transactions that ended in the interval. If you have a measurement that spans an interval, you will get CPU usage in both intervals, but “ENDED” only when the transaction ends. With a large number of transactions this effect is small. With few transactions it could cause divide by zero exceptions!
ColinPaice 